Criminology

Opium Poppy was highly grown in Afghanistan before 2008.  The production of opium declined in 2008. Even with the decline in cultivation, Afghanistan is the highest producer of opium in the world. Cultivation of Opium was concentrated in some parts of the country. The revelation of the growth and trade of opium was revealed in 2008. The reasons behind the decline of opium cultivation included reduction in prices, harsh weather conditions, and enhanced governance.

The bilateral cooperation between Afghanistan and U.S was witnessed in 2008 by the support accorded to Afghanistan government towards eradicating narcotics. Media was furnished with information with the counternarcotics program. This program was supported by United States by ensuring all the citizens were informed. This was achieved through campaigns, radio broadcast and printed materials. United States was devoted towards awarding those governors who ensured an opium free society. In the case where governors fail to eradicate poppy, U.S was to provide support by putting forth a firm strategy towards eradication. United States was ready to team up with Afghanistan government in carrying out investigations to ensure an opium free country. Prosecutions were to be carried on those who fail to adhere to the set laws. The program was planned to seize the drug stockpile and destroy them. Drug trafficking was to be handled keenly by tracking narcotic trade. The bilateral cooperation between Afghanistan and U.S is geared towards eradication poppy in Afghanistan.

Argentina is also one the countries covered in the report for the involvement in narcotics trade. There are various strategies which have put forth to eradicate narcotics trade in Argentina. There have been laws which have been set to prevent the entry of drugs from Bolivia, Colombia and Peru. Argentina set drug smuggling initiative by involving bordering countries which include Brazil and Paraguay. Argentine government works hand in hand with the Drug Enforcement Administration in ensuring drug free country. Prosecutions are carried out people trading in narcotics. This is achieved through investigations which identify drug traffickers. Argentine relies on intelligence in her mandates of law enforcement. This received some set back with expulsion of a Drug Enforcement Administration agent from Bolivia. United States provided a hand by ensuring investigations on drug traffickers. This was achieved by tracking the goods on transit. The coast is manned by United States guard ensuring there is no entry of drugs in Argentine.

Australia is amongst the devoted countries towards eradication of drugs. The Australian government has formulated policies which are directed towards compacting illicit drugs. United States works closely with the agencies concerned with law enforcement to ensure eradication of drugs. Australia has been involved in signing the drug convection. There are several counternarcotics activities which have been put forth in Australia with the help of United States. United States participates in formulating Australian policies. The Australian government works hand in hand with United States in drug destruction. They also collaborate in carrying out investigations on drug trafficking. These governments are led by a memorandum of understanding which defines the criteria to be followed. United States and Australia works closely in relaying information on narcotics trade. Sharing information on the trade of illicit drugs has made it possible deal with drug trafficking.

In conclusion, Drug trafficking has been on the horizon over the past few years. Several countries have collaborated in fighting narcotics trade. United States has been in the fore front in eradicating narcotics drug. This has been achieved through public campaigns, investigations, prosecutions and formulation of law biding policies.

In any scientific efforts, the researcher aims to establish whether a change in the independent variable is the exact cause of the observed change in the dependent variable. In this study, the lack of self control variable is measured and analyzed to assess whether its variation is the exact cause of bullying. Interpretation of this is for instance, when a student has a high self control, the corresponding likelihood to being a bully is diminished. Hence, self control is established in this study as the independent variable while bullying is the dependent variable (Bullying depends on the degree of self control). To establish the relationship between the variables, the researcher in this study relied on the analysis of statistical data obtained in other observational studies in regard to the role of self control in bullying. The general theory of crime postulated by Gottfredson and Hirschi (1990) asserts that a correlation exist between these two variables, that is, low self control is the genesis and main source of deviant behaviors and especially bullying for this study.

Analyzing the Independent Variable
Self control as used in this study is dependent on a variety of factors one, the monitoring of deviant behaviors by parents during the childs developmental stages secondly, socio-economic status such as those related to poverty dynamics and belonging to a minority group such as the Hispanics. There is an increased likelihood that supportive monitoring and correction of deviance behaviors when one was young may improve self control. In this study therefore, there are factors and characteristics that are related to self control that would be measured alongside the primary self control and their relation to bullying analyzed. In this study, a questionnaire was developed in line with Grasmick et al (1993) who  had developed a 24 item (questions) scale that would be used to assess the level of low self control in a respondent. The 24 items in the scale are based on the six dimensions of low self control namely impulsiveness, risk seeking, preference for physical activities, preference for simple tasks, volatile temper and self-centeredness.  Generally a high score in this scale would indicate the respondent to have low self control and therefore likely to be deviant and a bully as expressed by the argument. In all the respondents studied, the aim was to establish their rating on the test after which their deviance characteristics would be assessed.

Analyzing the Dependent Variable
The assertion in this study is that low self control produces deviant behavior and especially bullying in schools. Of importance here would be to establish methods and modalities that can be used to measure bullying using self control as the independent variable. Once the respondents had been tested on their self control, the next step was to subject them to a measure of deviance tool. To measure the respondents deviance behavior, the researcher applied his own well structured close ended questions that required the respondent to answer to questions that are included in part (b) of the questionnaire. The researcher then analyzed data from the two sections of the questionnaires to establish the following ideas which would be used to back the low self control versus bullying correlation.

To establish how many respondents had low self control using the 24 items. (For this study, the 24 items were weighted in a four point Likert scale). For every item, a respondent would score 1-4. Hence, the weight for 1 question would be (432110) and the total weight was (24x10240) which was then converted to a percentage. A respondent who had a total score of 75 and above was regarded as having low self control while those who scored less than 25 considered as having high self control.

To establish how the individual respondents scored in their bullying test. In this test, five questions were used, weighted in Likert Scale and converted to a percentage. For the purpose of the study, a respondent who scored over 60 in this section was considered a bully.

To establish a correlation between (i) and (ii) above. If those who scored high in (i) scored high in (ii), then the study would effectively assert that respondents who had low self control were actually bullies and therefore support the hypothesis.

Control Variables
According to a controlled variable is a parameter other than the main independent variable that may influence the dependent variable. The two variables used in this study are co-relational. However, there are several factors identified in the study as having a significant influence on the dependent variable in addition to low self control.  Socio-demographic factors such as gender, socio-economic status, age and academic achievement are significantly related to bullying. Males are more likely to engage in bullying behavior than females and students from low income family have more possibilities to engage in school bullying. In the current research, gender, age, academic achievement, and parents income were used as control variables in order to examine the relationship between low self control and bullies. The response given by the respondents could have partially been influenced by these factors.

Punishment philosophies differ from person to person.  Victims and prosecutors alike each support a different view.  In some cases the punishment is too mild while in other cases it is too stringent.  Despite the many theories supporting both sides of the issue, the main focus throughout this writing will support the punishment fitting the crime committed.  Retribution and deterrence issues have long been pitted against rehabilitation.  For the purpose of this paper, special attention will be given to the crime of pedophilia as an example.  The current prison system is beyond over-run and almost depleted with respect to its effectiveness.  Justice, medical, and custodial models will be used to effectively evaluate punishments being handed down by the court system.  Ultimately, each model will be closely examined in order to determine which one is most needed in our prison systems today. 


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     The long-standing prison system in the United States is a direct result of punishment philosophy.  In the past, the most often heard of forms of punishment were that of physical torture and death.  Throughout the changing times, punishment evolved into reform and began to eliminate the use of physical torture to some extent.  A correctional system, also called a prison, is used to impose an unpleasant experience in order to correct malevolent behavior.  This is done so based on the system of beliefs set forth through the judicial system.  By housing inmates, the correctional system hopes to eliminate the undesired behavior and return the individual back into the community as a function and productive member of society (Alexander, 1922).  If a prisoner is a convicted pedophile, the model applied in order to achieve this goal is designed especially to meet the needs of the party, but there are no guarantees that it will be successful.

     Present day correctional institutions house many inmates, many of whom have been convicted of sex crimes.  Solitary confinement is often provided in order to protect the inmates physical safety.  Sentencing is viewed from the justice model standpoint.  Based on the nature and severity of the crime, many pedophiles are ordered to be imprisoned for very lengthy periods of time, but many are released early due to prison over-crowding.  The justice model provides that a deserving penalty be imposed in order to correct the wrongdoing (Farmer, 1992).  The justice model also provides contracted deterrence due to the fact that the inmate is locked away from society and is unable to re-offend.  Generally, the pedophile offender is kept incapacitated in a maximum security facility with little if any contact with any other human beings.  The main focus and goal of the justice model is to make sure that the offender realizes that the malevolent behavior committed within society is not acceptable and there will be serious consequences to follow.
    
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     The medical model supports the theory that physical, biological, or mental issues may have played a role in the undesired behavior of the offender which led to incarceration.  Supporters of the medical model believe that rehabilitation is critical.  Rehabilitation is thought to be able to restore a person to a useful and productive place within society.  However, the recidivism rate for pedophiles is an alarming 42 despite having received rehabilitation programs (Hanson, Steffy, and Gauthier, 1993).   Medical model supporters also include deterrence and incapacitation within their plan of action for success.  Retribution seems to be frowned upon in part due to the tougher penalties for specific offenders.  It would appear as though the supporters of the medical model prefer to have a separate list of penalties because certain offenders have medical, biological, or mental conditions.  The expectant goal of the medical model is to create an environment whereby an offender can learn to understand the physical, biological, or mental illness and learn to effectively control and treat it.  This is believed to prevent future criminal behaviors.

     As a result of the security needs of inmates and the psychological and physical reassurances needed by both the inmates and surrounding communities, the custodial model was designed.  The custodial model of punishment philosophy is bound by a more traditional penal complex consisting of high security.  It functions on a stringent retribution premise (Owen, 2010).  Inmates often complain of dirty living conditions, over-crowding, and mistreatment by staff, and sexual assaults.  Each complaint is investigated and addressed thoroughly and adequate measures are taken to remedy the problems.  Pedophiles are simply able to fall through the cracks within this model of justice.  Time is served on a daily basis and once completed, the door is open.  The primary goal of the custodial model is to simply provide separation between the

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offender and society (Raver, 2007).  The custodial model is societys way of allowing itself to receive restitution through vengeance.  By denying one freedom, justice is served.  It resembles a very well constructed time-out under strict authoritative conditions.

     The history of the prison system has changed over the many years of its existence.  Society must rely on a well orchestrated system of rules in order to prevent chaos.  Those who cannot follow the rules must face the consequences and sometimes spend time incarcerated away from the rest of society.  The justice, medical, and custodial model all differ in various ways.  The common goal of the three is to protect society and aid in the redevelopment of the inmate whether it is via rehabilitation or retribution and deterrence.  Pedophiles are a unique group of criminal offenders.  Their needs are more demanding, and their rehabilitation is vital to society as a whole.  While prisoners continue to complain about filthy living conditions and the like, it is equally noted that most prisoners live better than members of their surrounding communities.  Each prisoner is guaranteed three square meals a day, cable television, books, vocational training, education, and religious activities.  These do not include the often required group therapies, individual therapy, medical and dental treatment, and employment within the prison.  Punishment and its philosophy contained therein is ever-changing.  Changes are made only to continually meet the disciplinary needs of the offenders.  Punishment is a means of future success for an inmate, but it is rarely viewed that way from the inside.

This paper takes a look at two generational values causing conflict among criminal justice organizations and the reinforcement behaviors management uses to establish unity among personnel.

Conflicting Generational Values in Criminal Justice Organizations
    Values of various generations come into conflict within criminal justice organizations on a routine basis. Two particular examples of such values coming into conflict among those in law enforcement and the criminal justice system includes the spanking of children and the role of prayer in public schools. Both values have divided agencies across the board causing arguments and disruptions on whether or not charges could actually be brought against a parent for spanking a child or charges brought against an individual for praying or reading the Bible in a public school.

Those raising children prior to the late 1990s most likely agree that spanking a child is not physical abuse, but instead the appropriate punishment to bring about positive results among children. However, throughout the 1990s, the rule of the road began to change and parents who spanked their children were being arrested on charges of abuse. Law officials, judicial courts, and the department of children and families began struggling within on the principle behind spanking children changing sides on the issue several times. In fact, in 2004, a Canadian court ruled parents and teachers can still spank naughty children (Canadian Court 2004). Likewise, prayer in public schools also brought about conflict. Those growing up prior to the 1960s saw no harm in the Bible and prayers role within the school system, however, once the courts changed those laws, the generations afterwards found it offensive (School Prayer 2006).

Law enforcement, in particular, faces such conflicts on a routine basis as they are often called to investigate supposed abuse cases based on reports of a do gooder witnessing a parent spanking a child in public. It can be discouraging and bring about disputes among the officers of different ages and generational backgrounds. In this case, management looks to reinforcement behavior strategies to boost morale and encourage employee unity by setting aside their differing values and focusing on what the law requires of them. Management provides positive reinforcement as a way to increase both required and encouraged behaviors in the workplace (OSHA). They do so through a set of positive recognition that includes employee recognition, public thankfulness, monetary awards, and even monthly bonuses (Safety Supervision  Leadership 2008).  These positive rewards are given to those who put aside generational value differences and work together. Negative reinforcement such as punishment or the taking away of such benefits and awards is used when conflicts are not resolved and larger disputes erupt.

There are a variety of generational values that come into conflict simply because of the differences in age, and time periods. Many issues that are illegal now were legal in the earlier decades. Just the same, many issues that are legal now were illegal several decades ago. Values change from generation to generation and culture to culture. The criminal justice organizations are filled with a melting pot of both causing plenty of conflicts and disruptions among officers and personnel. Yet management is able to overcome these areas of difficulty through motivational strategies especially reinforcement behavior strategies, which are creating the way for communication and team building among organizations.

Methamphetamines and amphetamines are collectively regarded as stimulant drugs with the capability of speeding up the central nervous system of the affected person(s). These drugs are prohibited in most countries including the United States. Despite such strict laws, these substances are produced on large scale by illegal chemical laboratories and distributed by existing cartels of drug traffickers and other interested parties (US Dept. of Justice, 2002).

In the United States and other parts of the world, methamphetamine and amphetamine abuse is on the rise and urgent counteractive measures need to be put in place. Statistics also reveal that the regular users comprise of people from all races, ages and various socioeconomic backgrounds. To worsen the situation, studies conducted by the National Drug Control Policy indicate that approximately 5 percent of the US population in the age bracket of 12 to 75 have at one point or another used these drugs. The statistics as at 2002 also revealed that the number of victims who seek medical attention had increased from 1 percent to 5.6. It is projected that this trend will be maintained for more years to come.  

Drug abuse in most cases leads to addiction andor extreme over dependence on the substance, which may in turn have severe negative effects on the general behavior and health of the victim. These negative effects of the drug may persist for several years even after the use of the drug has been discontinued. Methamphetamines and amphetamines are highly addictive drugs. In most cases however, the body develops a response mechanism that builds up a certain level of tolerance to the drugs. Chronic abusers of these drugs are usually forced by the prevailing circumstances to either increase or double their dosage so as to have a feel of the drugs effects. Doubling the dosage however has the overall effect of increasing the negative effects associated with the drug. If a habitual user suddenly quits the habit, some withdrawal symptoms such as hunger, extreme fatigue, depression and irritability may occur.

The primary objective of this essay is to discuss in broad the abuse of amphetamines and methamphetamines and their associated negative effects on the health and general behavior of the victims of their abuse.

Amphetamines
Various salts and compounds of methamphetamine, dextroamphetamine, and amphetamine are jointly regarded as amphetamines because they exhibit similar chemical properties and effects on their abusers (US, Dept of Justice, 2002). Amphetamines usually come in powder form, capsules or tablets which may then be swallowed, inhaled or injected depending on individual preferences of the user. Some types and salts of amphetamines e.g. Dexedrine and Ritalin have been proven scientifically to treat certain symptoms of some conditions. Dosage of such salts should therefore be guided by a physician and closely monitored for tolerance and overdose effects.

Effects of Amphetamines
Just like any other drug, the general effects of amphetamines tend to vary from one victim to another, depending on individual psychology, health condition, physical size among other factors such as other drugs being used concurrently with amphetamines. Abuse of amphetamines has got several short term and long term effects. Some of the short term effects include increased rate of metabolism, hypertension and high blood pressure, increased heart rates, rapid breathing, feelings of excitement and exhilaration, increased mental alertness, hallucinations, and increased energy levels among other notable effects (Hedblorn, 1975).

The long term effects of the amphetamine drug include loss of appetite, drug addiction, heart failures due to irregular or rapid heart beats and weight loss. A victim may also develop amphetamine psychosis which is characterized by paranoia, hallucinations, anxiousness and panic, restlessness and irritability, aggressiveness, impulsive behavior, delirium, tolerance among other notable symptoms. These signs and symptoms typically fade away once the affected person quits the habit.

Methamphetamines
Methamphetamine is an odorless, white crystalline powder with a sour taste. The drug is highly soluble in water and other alcoholic drinks. Methamphetamines may also be puffed or smoked, snorted, orally ingested or injected. This drug was originally intended for medicinal uses such as nasal and bronchial decongestion when inhaled under prescription from a qualified physician. Currently in the US, methamphetamine is a drug approved for the treatment of exogenous obesity and ADHD condition. It may also be prescribed and recommended for the treatment of resistant depression and narcolepsy (Miller, 2009).

Methamphetamines drugs may be described as extremely powerful stimulants that can cause serious damages to ones central nervous system. The costs incurred in the laboratory manufacture of this drug are relatively low due to the availability of required ingredients. The widespread abuse of methamphetamine may be attributed to this factor.

Effects of Methamphetamines
Some of the effects of this drug are similar to those resulting from amphetamine abuse, except for its harmful impacts on the central nervous system. In general, the short term effects of this drug are said to last up to seven hours. Some of the effects include loss of appetite, increased activity, aggressiveness, increased blood pressure and heart rates, a misleading sense or feeling of well being, psychotic behavior, and violence (US Dept. of Health, 2002).

Some of the long- standing effects include neurological and cardiac damage, impaired learning and memory, total memory loss, addiction and tolerance. According to several research studies and findings, expectant mothers should not ingest any form or dosage of methamphetamines based on the facts that the drug may have severe negative impacts on the unborn child (Jeng, et al, 2005). It is therefore advisable not to prescribe such drugs to expectant women at any stage of their pregnancy since the drug is secreted in breast milk has the ability to penetrate the placenta. Newborns in such situations are born with mild cases of the withdrawal syndrome which often disappears with time (Winslow et al, 2007).

In the US, possession of any laboratory apparatus that could be used in the widespread production of these drugs was prohibited in 1983 and subsequently enacted the 1986 Federal Controlled Substance Analogue Enforcement Act in an effort to combat the widespread use of such drugs. Several challenges and drawbacks against the fight have been encountered over the years since most of the ingredients used in their production are readily available (US Dept. of Justice, 2002).

Despite the fact that the drug is prohibited under normal circumstances, the drug should only be taken under prescription from qualified medical practitioners. Rehabilitation centers should be put in place to help victims recover from the negative consequences of drug addiction and those arrested and convicted by the law should also be forwarded to such facilities for treatment, guidance, counseling and rehabilitation.

The Fourth, Fifth and the Sixth Amendments of the American constitution are quite crucial in safeguarding the citizens against abuse of power by the government during investigations, seizing, arrests and court hearings. The Fourth Amendment on its side clearly dictates against the act of unreasonable searches and seizes by the police (Heffernan 23). It is evidently clear from this amendment that any search or seizing of on individual property should be legally qualified by a court warrant stating the sanctioned probable cause and its limits (FindLaw).

    The Fifth Amendment on the other side seeks to protect the American citizens against forced confessions during court proceedings (Roxas 17)). It is thus clear that the police are limited to respect the citizens right only to testify and give confessions at will. Police also unlike before the enactment of the Fifth Amendment cannot force a criminal to be witness against himherself (Roxas 19). It is thus clear from the Fifth Amendment that the police are not legally allowed to abuse their power to deprive criminals of their life and liberty as well as property. Such acts should follow the underlying due process of the law.

    The Sixth Amendment also has much impact on the police in their daily operations. First, it clearly dictates for speedy trial of criminals thus requiring the police to ensure fastness in reigning criminals to court (Gardner 22). The police are also required by this bill of rights to provide a notice of accusation to the convicted and ensure availability of favorable witnesses during the hearing. This amendment thus seeks not only to ensure first execution of justice to criminals but also ensures fairness and justice during the court hearings (Gardner 25).

    Therefore, all the three amendment basically functions to provide checks and balances on the abuse of power by the police both during the investigation and prosecution of criminals. All this ensures fairness of treatment and execution of equitable justice to criminals.

Prevention of crime through physical design is a set of design principles that are used to discourage crime. Generally, buildings and properties are designed to prevent damage from natural disasters and force of elements, but they should also be designed to prevent crime. This helps to create sense of security, well being among employees and tenants. When there is a good physical design, the environment in the workplace will discourage criminal behavior. To achieve this, there some concepts of defensible space like natural surveillance, design guidelines and cited strategies that need to be put in place.

Natural Surveillance
    According to Fennelly (2004) criminals do not like to be recognized so they choose places they can hide easily and escape. There are several ways to use natural surveillance in a workplace and this includes keeping all areas well lit especially in the building entrances. Eliminate hiding spots by trimming hedges, removing trees and fences that are creating hiding spots. Encourage low thorny edges around the windows because they do not obstruct view and they are not comfortable places to hide. Use of Closed Circuit Television in areas with no natural sight lines is very important therefore, it is good to put up monitors in public places so that criminals can be aware that they are being monitored.

Territorial Reinforcement
    This principle creates a clear distinction between public and private property. This is important because legitimate occupants or the workers of network operations have a sense of ownership and will be in a position to know and challenge intruders and therefore those people who do not belong will have a hard time to blend in. Receptionist should have clear sight lines to all entrances and also be able to call for help quickly without being noticed. Security signals should be clear in all entrance points and visitors should be provided with identification badges.

Natural Access Control
    This reduces chances for a crime to occur by clearly differentiating between public and private spaces. Reid (2005) found that, this can be done by use of single entrance and exit point, fencing around the windows with low thorny bushes, locking gates between front and back yard to do away with designs that encourage access to roof tops and upper levels and also to have proper lighting in all dark areas to avoid creating entrapments which are used by criminal to attack workers at network operations.
            
Informal Surveillance
    This is a casual observation of activities and people in public, by other people engaged in legal activities. Whether surveillance is coming from inside or outside building, the way to reduce crime is to increase eyes on the street. Placement of windows and doors especially on the ground floor is important to enable workers to observe crime on the street. If workers at network operations are willing to act when they observe an unruly behavior by reporting such behaviors to the authority or by intervening directly then informal surveillance can be used to decrease number of crimes taking place in the workplace.

Formal Surveillance
     It is a systematic supervision of the building by other people whose main objective is to maintain security. These people include the police, receptionists, or private security firms. Surveillance  can be in form of alarms, cameras, personal visits or overview. Advantage of using formal surveillance is that, chances of crime being noticed while taking place by the security personnel for them to intervene immediately are very high. Criminals avoid committing crime in an area they are aware it is under surveillance because they would not like to increase any chance of being caught.

Lighting
     Good lighting is important because it allows people to see and to be seen. Well designed lighting system combined with other anti-crime measures can prevent crime from occurring. It also reduces opportunity for crime to occur and make working places to be safer at night for workers who like working late. Lighting should not be applied in areas which are deserted because workers will have an impression that those areas are safe and end up leading them to dangerous situations.

Concealment
    According to Nadel (2004) overgrown vegetation, blinding corners and large projections can obstruct visibility along pedestrian routes. This may lead to creation of sites for committing crimes. Places that provide concealment decreases the effectiveness of surveillance measures hence leading to crime being committed without being noticed. Some workers of network operations at times prefer to have some privacy and therefore, they go to areas like garden or recreational walkways and mostly these areas are isolated. It is important to make sure that route through these areas are safe and do not create an opportunity for concealment.

Entrapment
    Small confined areas may be used by criminals to trap potential victims. These entrapment spots are selected by offenders as a site for robbery, assault or rape to the workers. Enclosed spaces should be eliminated in workplaces to reduce crime. Entrapment can be actual where by a space is defined by physical barriers inhibiting the targeted person to escape for example, an enclosed room or stairs down to a basement. On the other hand, entrapment can be perceptual where people feel trapped but there are no physical barriers. Areas that cause both physical and visual entrapments are tunnels, stairways, pedestrian bridges, foot path and streets. All enclosed areas should be modified to prevent workers at network operations from being trapped by criminals and be assaulted.

Robustness
    These are physical elements of a building and their susceptibility to damage. Existence of damage also influences how easily a building can be broken into by offenders. A building should be publicly accessible and at the same time resist damage from any criminal activity. Building owner should make sure the walls, windows and doors are well fitted with materials that can resist damage and workers should use the all facilities of the building responsibly.

Maintenance
    Poorly maintained buildings shows signs of abandonment and lack of ownership. This may provide convenient locations for criminal activities. A place that is neglected can be a criminals hide out and can provide suitable environment for a crime to occur. Damaged buildings that are poorly maintained and they are not in use but have accessible spaces indicate lack of ownership. Criminals hide in this buildings and it becomes extremely dangerous for people living around such areas. These buildings should be maintained to prevent workers working in such building from being attacked by criminals.

Physical design in a work place is very important because it determines how an organization can prevent crime. As discussed above place of work should have surveillance which can either be formal or informal, this helps the workers at network operations to notice intruders in case they are captured on the surveillance cameras. When there is good lighting, buildings are well maintained, and efficient surveillance workers feel confident and safe in their working environment.