Crimes
Property Crime
Property crime is considered as one of the most common crimes experienced by the Australian community. The Australian Bureau of Statistics (ABS) conducted a safety and crime survey in April 2002 to have a picture of how crimes affect Australians. It was estimated that 354,000 Australian households had at least experienced one break-in to their garage, shed or home (Johnson, 2005).
Nationally, this indicates that 4.7 of households were likely to be victims, slightly decreased from 5.0 in 1998. The survey presented that 254,400 households or 3.4 of all households found indications of at least one attempted break-in. Australian Northern Territory had the highest household proportion experiencing property crimes (13.5) followed by Western Australia with 6.2. Victoria has the lowest rates proportion with 3.4 and the Australian Capital Territory with 4.4 (Australian Bureau of Statistics ABS, 2002).
INCLUDEPICTURE httpwww.aic.gov.auuploadaicpublicationscfifi097.gif MERGEFORMATINET
Source Australian Institute of Criminology 2007. Australian crime facts and figures 2006. Canberra AIC
Figure 1. Property Crimes Statistics
Source Australian Institute of Criminology 2007. Australian crime facts and figures 2006. Canberra AIC
Property crimes have been significantly decreased since the 2000-2004 period. Some researches have theorizsed that changes in culture and lifestyle have played a significant role in this trend (Braithwaite, 2009). Comparing victimisation rates within the preceding twelve months over the two time periods, all crimes with the exception of motorcycle theft and robbery declined in 2004, and those two remained stable. Data were collected through surveys complementary to national data (Johnson, 2005).These surveys are generally conducted by telephone and involve questions concerning the victimization of respondents. According to studies, many people spend their evenings at home in fact many of them workfromtheir homes (Mayhew, 2003). The level of property crimes has curiously remained consistent for example, purse snatching, has made up 1 of all larcenies during the last 40 years. Considerably, a property crime such as burglaries, larcenies, and motor causes annual losses at least 15 billion (Johnson, 2005). Other types of crimes have also changed in subtle ways. In the late 1990s, law enforcement agencies witnessed an increase in burglaries committed during daytime. As parked cars became difficult to steal, the car jacking crime began to increase (Braithwaite, 2009). Offenders are typically influenced by the state of the economy and drug related abuse. Most of the offenders are young drug abusers or chronic alcohol drinker. Specifically, most of the car thefts are done by young men aged 1420 years old world (Australian Institute of Criminology AIC, 2010). Officials also indicate that Tthey steal a car for the purpose of using it rather than for financial gains. Reducing this kind of crime includes diverting towards a more positive lifestyle and addressing their anti-social behavior (Warren and Palmer, 2010). Another type of property crime is fraud which includes copyright infringement which can be accomplished through internet crime. This is considered as an important issue in protecting original ideas to big businesses, music and arts (Braithwaite, 2009). The Australian Institute of Criminology (AIC) concludes that there is an economic impact of such crime on indigenous Australians and regional communities. Law enforcement, legislations, civil remedies, and criminal prosecution have subsequently increased in terms of Australian Government funding allocation (Holder, 1997.
Violent Crime
Violent crime is a crime in which the offender threatens or uses violent force upon the victims. This entails crimes in which the act is the objective like murder, as well as crimes such as robbery. This type of crime includes crimes done with and without weapons (Warren and Palmer, 2010). Rape accounts for 6 percent of all violent crimes reported. Consequently, males are the common victims of all forms of violent crime. Violent crimes also associated with property crime in several ways. The victims were usually victimiszed by these two crime classification simultaneously (Johnson, 2005).
According to AIC (2009) violent crime is significantly increasing in Australian community and very much the domain of men (30 of its population were victimiszed). They are responsible for most criminal acts and they are the victims more often than women. Women are less likely than men to use a weapon such as a blunt object, knife, or firearm in the commission of a crime (Johnson, 2005). The present figures show that the percentage of violent crime represents a slight increase. Survey forms are the basis of violent crime data collection within the country. It is designed to collect aggregate data on the incidence of crime and records three major components for each criminal incident type, volume and persons charged by gender, youth or adult (Warren and Palmer, 2010). To address the issue, the Australian government tries and stop intimidation and low-level aggression through measures designed to decrease offenses related to alcohol and anti-social behaviors (Mayhew, 2003). Low-level crime alcohol abuses are known to be the root of many crimes. Abusers are the common violent crime offenders according to statistics. It gives local communities and law enforcement agencies the power to discuss these problems as well as the serious violent crimes caused by knives and guns. Studies revealed that Australia led the list with more than 30 of its population victimiszed in the world (Australian Institute of CriminologyAIC, 2010). The Australian Standard Offence Classification (ASOC) does not have a one category for violent crime. Rather, violent crime is categorizedcategorized under a number of various categories that often show a range of both non-violent and violent behaviors (Johnson, 2005). These include homicide and other related offences , driving causing death and manslaughter acts intended to inflict injuries, such as aAssault sSexual offences those against the children abduction and related crimes such as deprivation of liberty, kidnapping or false imprisonment and extortion or robbery (Mukherjee Carcach, 1998).
White-collar Crime
White-collar crime defined as a crime approximately committed by an individual of high social status and respectability in the course of his profession. White-collar crimes include bankruptcy fraud, financial fraud, identity theft, fraud, medical crimes, bribery, embezzlement, insider trading, computer crimes, environmental crime, pension, occupational crime, forgery, etc, and others. According to the results of a survey conducted by the Australian government, 63 of executives polled expect accounting fraud to significantly increase during the next 2 years world (Australian Institute of Criminology, 2010). Much of the largest white-collar offense haves been perpetrated by senior executives of the company or organization (Mayhew, 2003). The offender commits the crime through the computer or paperwork tools. The victims were usually corporations and business individuals. White collar crimes usually go largely undetected. In Australia, the problem of unsatisfactory penalties for white collar crime is part of a more general or inappropriate penalties (Australian Institute of CriminologyAIC, 2010). It is a more serious part of the problem in every area of white-collar crimes. There are problems with giving false effluent data in environmental regulation. There have been serious problems with regards to provision of fraudulent data on efficacy and safety of drugs in terms of with pharmaceuticals regulation (Mayhew, 2003). Moreover, fraud is a major issue in the security and safety, prudential, occupational health, securities and companies regulation. It does not only cost millions of dollars, it also kills. In Australia, authorities have neglectful of frauds that put many lives at risk (Hall, 1979). The police occurrence report forms are the basis of data collection for white collar crime rates. Standard rules were adoapted for counting incidents, persons charged and clearance data. Police record of fraud offences believed with fewer than 50 of incidents being reported to authorities or police (Warren and Palmer, 2010).
Reported white collar fraud offences and othervrelated crimes from 199596 to 200607 (number)19959691,495199697101,256199798109,404199899112,209199900112,264200001106,141200102109,080200203108,940200304102,86320040589,198200506101,22220060795,606Figure 2. Reported white collar offences and othervrelated crimes.(Place title).
The trend in white collar crimes reported to and recorded by police authority annually over the 12-year period has been relatively stable. The number of offences in 200607 was the third lowest since 1999 (Johnson, 2005).
Internet Crime
According to the Australian Institute of CriminologyAIC (2010), Internet crime is a term used to define a range of various crime types that are committed or facilitated using computers online. The cost of this crime in economic and human terms is high, and its it is still increasing. It includes viruses, junk email or spam, hacking, internet fraud and pedophilia (Richards, 2009). This type of crime is also termed to as e-crime, cybercrime and hi-tech crime. In the year 2006-07, the majority of all credit card fraud cases involved so-called card not present fraud, in which cards were, illegally used either over the phone or online (Johnson, 2005).This has been the biggest type of card fraud in Australia and other countries. Nationally, the Australian government funded the computer crime introduction units for every police force (Mayhew, 2003). They introduced specific crime-specific initiatives to combat this type of crime by educating people and establishment of Internet to provide support for victims, intelligence distribution and conduct investigations (Braithwaite, 2009).They also initialized legislation to avoid unsolicited messages to personal email account. Statistics shows that Australia has the highest incidence of Iinternet crime in the world (Australian Institute of Criminology, 2010). The study found that more than 39 of Australians haved been the victims of Iinternet crime, compared to Italy with 32 in Italy and 28 of Americans (Richards, 2009). The most typical forms of iInternet crime experienced by Australians were not receiving products paid for at online auction, phishing, credit card fraud, fraudulent e-mails and unauthorized bank transfers (Braithwaite, 2009). As computer-related crimes become more prevalent, an increasing need emerges for police personnel-- - particularly those who do not have expertise in computer technology - --to understand how these crimes vary. Computer-related crime refers with increasing intellectual property and frequency (Richards, 2009).
INCLUDEPICTURE httpwww.aic.gov.auenstatisticshightechmediapublicationsfacts2006fig050.ashxw606h347as1 MERGEFORMATINET
Source Australian Institute of Criminology 2007. Australian crime facts and figures 2006. Canberra AIC
Figure 3. Place TitleComputer related crimes.
As few police agencies identify cybercrimes, the chart above present results of the 2005 Australian computer crime and security survey by Australian High Tech Crime Centre (Richards, 2009). People working with information technology, manufacturing, federal and state government, finance, utilities and education are the common victims of this crime. The crime rate for this crime is stable and slightly increasing in 2006 (Johnson, 2005).
Summary
There are four classes of crimes discussed in this paper. Firstly, property crime is considered as one of the most common crimes experienced by the Australian community. It has been significantly decreased since the 2000-2004. Some researchers have theorized that changes in culture and lifestyle have played a significant role in this trend. Secondly, violent crime is a crime in which the offender threatens or uses violent force upon the victims. This entails crimes in which the act is the objective like murder, as well as crimes such as robbery. According to AIC (2009) violent crime is significantly increasing in the Australian community and very much the domain of men (30 of its population were victimized). The third type of crime is white-collar crime defined as a crime approximately committed by an individuals of high social status and respectability respectabilityin the course of his profession . It include bankruptcy fraud, financial fraud, identity theft, fraud, medical crimes, bribery, embezzlement, insider trading, computer crimes, environmental crime, pension, occupational crime, forgery, etcand others. According to the results of a survey conducted by Australian governmentAIC, 63 of executives polled expect accounting fraud to significantly increase during the next 2 years world and has been perpetrated by senior executives of the company or organization (Australian Institute of CriminologyAIC, 2010). The last type is Internet crime which used to define a range of various crime types that are committed or facilitated using computers online. It includes viruses, junk email or spam, hacking, internet fraud and pedophilia. This type of crime is also termed to as e-crime, cybercrime and hi-tech crime. The National Crime Victimization Survey (NCVS) which produces The information produces informatioby The National Crime Victimization Survey (NCVS)n on crime rates and occurrence frequency report forms which is the basis of data collection for these crimes rates. Standard rules were adapted for counting incidents, persons charged and clearance data (Johnson, 2005).
Conclusion
Modern Criminology is one of the fields of study and disciplines about criminals and criminal behavior. The development of the subject attempted to build theoretical foundations that explain why these crimes occurred and test those theoretical concepts by observing their behavior aspects (Aris, 2008).Criminological concepts help shape the response of society to crime types in terms of responding and preventing crimes after its occurrence. The concern of it was focused with the human moral relationship, values and moral status together with its non-human elements. It has become a new philosophical sub-discipline in the early 1970s it was challenged by classical criminology. Foremost, it instigates the considered moral superiority of humanity to population of other people on the planet. Second, it examined the rational possibility of arguments for providing intrinsic value to the diversity of crimes and punishment elements (Guha, 1999).
Many people will have come across these types of crimes. That is why, there are an effort that involves the police and local community to build safer environments and prevent crime (Hayes, 2008). These National Crime Prevention project are is located being implemented in hot-spot areas of South Australia and Queensland, focuses on preventing repeat victimization. The strategies they are using have proven successful overseas in reducing crime rate, not just moving the crimes to other locations. A variety of strategies is being used, such as, increasing the likelihood of reducing the rewards and detection and making properties more difficult to break into. Community groups and police are involved with an emphasis on police delivery working together. Through getting involved in organizations or local activities, one can help build long-lasting solutions to the problems of social alienation and isolation that contribute to crimes (Meyer, 2010).
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