Criminology

Panama-Civil Law
The state of Panama is based on civil law system. The judicial review acts of legislature as found in the court of supreme authority of justice accepts compulsory and mandatory ICJ jurisdiction with reservations. The civil law is based on the civil written code. It covers issues of private law. These includes the attributes of a person like the age of the majority, name among other issues the relationships of persons in terms of either parentage, marriage or adoption property ownership, land boundaries, possession and so on the legal institutions administering or governing the relationship that exists between the individuals (The Central Intelligence Agency, 2009). Civil law provides that a fine be paid as the punishment when a person commits a crime towards or against another person

Sudan-English Common Law
The legal system of Sudan is based on English common law a well as the Islamic law. On 20th January, 1991, what is now defunct Revolutionary Command Council included forcefully the Islamic law in the region covering the northern states. The Islamic law in the country is found to apply to all citizens and natives of the states to the north of the nation of Sudan not putting into consideration their religious beliefs.

On the other hand, the CPA has given provision to protect all the natives of the land that are not affiliated to the Muslim religion in Khartoum, the capital and some other separate entities of courts which are based on religion. The law accepts mandatory ICJ jurisdiction which provides for reservations. The southern legal system is on the process of advancing more and more under the CPA taking the provisions in the subsequent of the civil war. The Islamic law will however not be applicable to the states in the south of Sudan as it is only restricted to the northern states (The Central Intelligence Agency, 2009).

Swaziland-Mixed tradition legal system
Swaziland has a legal system that has a mixed kind of traditions. It is actually based on South African Roman-Dutch law in constitutional courts and Swazi long-established law and practice in traditional courts. It has gone a step further in accepting the compulsory ICJ jurisdiction though with reservations.  The people of Swaziland are governed by these mixed traditions which though a careful consideration have come to a particular compromise.

The cases of disputes are solved with the compromised state of the mixed traditions. The laws governing the land and its people cuts across the varied cultures making sure that fairness is observed in the solving of problems (The Central Intelligence Agency, 2009).

Algeria-socialist legal system
Algeria on the other hand is based on a socialist legal system, which is also based on Islamic and French law. It has judicial appraisal of governmental acts in ad hoc Constitutional Council with various public officials which also takes into consideration several other Supreme Court justices and has also not accepted the compulsory and mandatory ICJ jurisdiction.

Socialist law is based on civil law system. Some modifications done on the civil law have given rise to the socialist law. Socialists law unlike civil law offers much on the property to be owned by the federal state or by cooperatives and agricultural sector and at the same time have special courts and laws for state enterprises.

Bahrain-Islamic law
Bahrain is based on Islamic law and also included some sentiments of the English common law although it has not been established in the compulsory ICJ jurisdiction. The Islamic law ideally follows the provisions of the laws and rules as provided in the Quran. The solving of disputes amongst the people of Bahrain greatly surrounds the ways and practices of Islam.

The process of reaching a compromise in any case between personalities is reached through the careful considerations of the provisions made in the holy Quran. The English common law is included in here just to act as a guideline to the basic matters of legalism.