Terrorism
Literature Review
Since the terrorist attack in 2001 on the World Trade Center in United States, large amount of literature has been published on terrorism. The Department of Homeland Security was created by President George Bush to coordinate various organizations dealing with the security of United States. The mission of Department of Homeland Security is to have unified national effort towards securing and preserving United States. Homeland was created to secure United States against terrorism. Homeland security has unified national mission to safeguard America by preventing terrorist attacks at federal, state and local levels.
National security and Homeland security
The values of the Federal, state and local agencies lead to faithful execution of duties and maintenance of highest professional standards and building relationship with the citizens thus honoring liberty, diversity and democracy. Unified core values also lead to creation of employment and safeguarding America by identifying, and mitigating threats to the safety of Americans. Saint Louis University (SLU) like the federal, state and local agencies share unified values that are implemented for the benefit of the individual and the community at large.
The mission and the core values of Saint Louis aim at excellence of a person academically and professionally in the University and the community however the aim of the unified mission and values at the Federal, State and local agencies is to safeguard America and the people of America from terrorist attack, from discrimination ensuring equal access to the public services and protection (Richard and David, 2008). There are various federal agencies these include, central intelligence agency, defense intelligence agency and federal bureau of investigation. Other examples of federal agencies include department of homeland security agency which deals with the security of United States, national geospatial intelligence agency and the other agency that deals with information in the United States is national security agency. Other agencies are office of the naval intelligence, national reconnaissance office and office of the director of national intelligence (Robert, 1989).
Central Intelligence Agency
It is a federal agency that is located in United States and it is a civilian intelligence agency. Central Intelligence Agency deals with the security of United States by providing security intelligence to policy makers who are senior in United States. At the request of the President of United states, Central Intelligence Agency can engage in covert activities. According to Robert (1989) the purpose of the central intelligence agency is to collect foreign corporations, individuals and governments information. Central Intelligence Agency performs the role of advising public policy makers. Central Intelligence Agency collects information that reveals intentions and plans that provides basis for the action and decision. Central Intelligence Agency produces analysis on time to the decision makers charged with the advancing interests of the Americans and protecting them.
Central Intelligence Agency conducts the covert action to the United States president so as to preempt threats thus achieve policy objectives of United States (Robert, 1989). The core values of central intelligence agency include, excellence whereby the staff reflects on the performance thus embracing personal accountability by holding each other to high standards and commitment to the service of the customers through quiet patriotism whereby they put the country and the customers needs first. The last core value of the federal agency is integrity whereby the agency upholds the standards of highest degree by speaking the truth to the customers and colleagues (Robert, 1989).
Central Intelligence Agency works with the Homeland Agency to respond to the terrorist attack, to voice concerns about the defense budget adequacy and answering questions voiced out by the congress. The current president of United States questions the integrity, management skills and experience of some public servants. The president also named some Central Intelligence Agency official for counter terrorism The official is therefore faced with the task of whether the Homeland Security Council should be made the National security after it was formed in the 2001 on September 11 or it should remain a separate unit in the white house. The official stated that the task of the team was to protect the Americans and to integrate efforts thus protecting America security and safeguard values of the America people.
National Guard
Washington National Guard has about 8500 employees who are airmen and civilian employees. The aim of the Washington state Guards is to serve Washington State. The guards federal mission is to provide trained military units for the defense of the nation and to augment federal military operations voluntarily and continuously. National guards ensure Protection of the citizens from the state Emergency Operations Center (EOC) which helps responders of the local emergency.
National Guards assist local responders by coordinating rescue and search operations in the area and other environmental emergencies (Macauley, 2003). Some 100,000 soldiers who are citizens and airmen are deployed in 44 countries. National Guard aids the local, state and federal law enforcement to reduce crimes that are related to drugs. National guards promote the state economic vitality by been involved in countering drug, been involved in business thus generating taxes for the state and the community. Guards protect environment and state properties and they are customer friendly.
Role of the National Guard
Guards support war on the terrorism in homeland security. National Guard provides situational awareness, information and intelligence feeds and weapons for mass destruction if needed. Guards have a joint force head quarters in the every state thus coordinate response and plans to terrorist attack. These joint headquarters help in detection and defeat of the terrorists. National Guard transforms itself for the better to meet the countrys homeland defense requirements. National Guard is the first military responder to any emergency.
Much as the state Guards are positioned for emergency operations, the Guards are not usually available in large numbers in federal operations. In addition to the forces that are provided by the National Guard, state defense forces are created and controlled by a state and are integrated in the emergency management operations (Eastman, 2002). State defense forces are a state agency that assumes homeland defense responsibility for the homeland and defense missions of the homeland. The National Guard is not always available in the federal duty in large numbers. Georgia state defense force consists of uniformed, all volunteer and unpaid branch of the state forces defense in Georgia. State defense force includes. Air National Guard and Arm. State defense gives an opportunity to the fellow citizens who have never served in the army.
State force defense replaces the National Guard to the federal service. Thus expanding its ranks and prepare to carry out tasks as required by the governor in the state. State defense force assists Guardsmen families who are ordered into the federal service. State defense force performs community tasks thus supporting the National Guard mission. States force defense performs ceremonial occasions like the parade color guards and they also support local events held in public in aid of natural disaster. National Guard defense volunteers work together with the community in search and rescue operations. National Guard has proven to be the first in any emergency they have built a very strong legacy.
Seattle police Department
Seattle police department is a local agency that deals with the law and its enforcement and is found in Washington in the Seattle city. It is the principal law enforcement agency in Washington and it is accredited nationally by Commission of Accreditation for the law and Enforcement Agencies. The mission of this local agency is to ensure that law is enforced, prevent crime and to support public safety that is quality by delivering police service s that are respectful, dependable and professional. Seattle police department uses good practices to offer accountability based on the performance to the community in general and to offer security to the officers.
The organization foster values based on integrity and values that respect both constitutional and civil rights. Seattle police agency identifies, prioritizes challenges associated with law enforcement and prevention of crime using an approach of problem solving that is flexible (Ernest, 2005). Seattle police organization strengthens associations with the community through mutual responsibility, communications and strengthening links through commitment to the customer service. Specialty units in the Seattle police departments include harbor, motorcycles, mounted patrols and SWAT. Seattle police organization employs about five hundred employees who are civilians and one thousand two hundred and fifty sworn law enforcement officers.
Sworn officers are ranked in ascending order as follows officers, sergeant, captain, deputy chief and chief of police. Other officers that are sworn include Lieutenants and assistant chief in the Seattle police. Employees who are civilians work in administration sector in areas such as the information technology, dispatching 911, personnel and in records and evidence area. Some officers take test to become detectives. Those officers can keep the detective rank together with other promotions. The management and the structure of the organization uses well trained unsworn and sworn employees who use research and training equipment strategically and effectively.
Role of Seattle police department
Seattle police department have policies that protect the immigrants from accessing protection of the police and public services (Richard and David, 2008). Seattle police department is committed to the civil rights and provide accessing of the city services like police protection equally to all people without considering their immigration status. Seattle police organization strictly states that there should not be law enforcement that can discriminate any person on the basis of their ace, color, age, sex, marital status, religion solely and the organization does not assist agencies that violate those policies. Homeland security enacted law stating that there should be enforcement of the civil federal immigration laws by the state and the local police officers failure to which they will lose the federal funding. The above laws were enacted after Homeland laws were rejected.
Summary
Terrorism is complex and varied. Dealing with the terrorist organizations requires knowledge of the structure of the organization of the terrorists and terrorists potential plans and its members. Different levels of the government must direct their resources and power to curb terrorism Homeland security coordinates activities of state, federal and local organizations. Federal, state and local organizations working together is proven to be a good mode of law enforcement. Defending Unites States from the international terrorists is the work of federal, state and local agencies. In United States federal law enforcement and the national security agencies have the greatest role in the terrorism control.
Federal agencies gather intelligence that is raw from human resource and technical resources both abroad and at home. Federal agencies are charged with the terrorist attack prevention. Justice department prosecute individuals involved in attack while the state and the local government provide emergency response to the terrorist attack by providing man power, identify target facility and plan long term solution. Homeland security enacted law stating that there should be enforcement of the civil federal immigration laws by the state and the local police officers failure to which they will lose the federal funding.
Homeland security enforced law stating that local police should operate as immigration agents this law was opposed because the police would be overburdened with the immigration statutes enforcement diverting the police tasks (Ernest, 2005). Homeland security proposed that it should receive reimbursement for hosting non United States citizens and require the immigrants to obtain immigration enforcement funds for the immigrants to gain access to police protection and public services. The funds would be used to enforce immigration laws, help local and state jurisdictions to start authorizing policies to the police to enforce immigration laws.
Homeland security require the police to act as immigration agents and this would discourage the immigrants from reporting crimes to the police making Seattle less safe, having less police officers and less equipments in public organizations . Homeland security act would represent mandate that are unsafe that imposed by the local police in the city. Homeland security failed to disburse funds to aid state and local organizations. Sources state the agency that is in charge of the dispensing and coordinating assistance in federal to the local and state is undistinguished and inexperienced.
During the 911 attacks, National guard was very fast in responding to the terrorist attack, as the New York National guards responded without military orders to the trade center site within twenty four hours of the September 11 in the year 2001. National Guards went straight to the problem and together with the local agencies they saved lives, helped to restore confidence and helped to restore security in the area. At pentagon, the National Guard was the first to respond to the emergency. Air National Guard flew 90 percent in defense of Homeland of the first air patrols that are flown in the major city in United States.
Immigration and Naturalization Service, border patrol, customs, U S coast guards efforts to examine the visitors closely, cargo entering United States and illegal immigrants are successful. However INS suggests that the local authorities should arrest illegal immigrants instead of leaving that responsibility to the federal government and the congress. Local government should supply needed resources in order for the situation to be in control. Intelligence agencies and the treasury Department use electronic and economic measures against Al Qaeda and they are effective in their work. In Afghanistan, destruction of Al Qaeda organizations has been successful due to the Military actions.
Aligning efforts of federal, state and local for homeland security is a hard task. The framework should ensure that the citizens are protected, by challenging the status quo, breaking down barriers that divide the citizens and returning network from other networks.
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