STRUCTURES OF POLICE ORGANISATIONS
to illustrate your answer.
Two aspects of Bayleys model of police structure
centralisation of command
Centralised means commands for operations passed down to sub units from single centre of command.
Decentralised means sub units are autonomous or independent
2. number of commands
singular command is having a single police force
multiple commands means having more than one police force. These can either be coordinated or uncoordinated.
Examples
Italy centralised police structure with two police forces, Corps di Carabineri and Guardia di Publlica Sicurezza, and both received commands from Rome.
Netherlands one centralised police force and one that is decentralised.
France centralised police force commanded from Paris but command is hardly ever exercised in their daily operations.
Norway and Sweden decentralised police forces.
What are the major determinants of the structure of police organisations
Traditions are established at the time when the police force was first being set up.
Character of regime tells what kind of government is present in the country.
Authoritarian police structure is centralised.
Democratic police structure is decentralised.
rate of violence country tends to centralise command if it gets a strong resistance or disagreement from people in order to consolidate and assert authority of the state.
Using the seven key descriptive categories proposed by Kelling and Moore (1988)
identify and describe the three major eras of policing.
POLITICAL ERA
elements authorisation politics and law
function broad social services
organizational design decentralized
relationship to environment intimate
demand decentralized to politicians and patrol
tactics and technology foot patrol
outcome citizen satisfaction with politics
REFORM ERA
elements professionalism and law
function control of crime
organizational design classically centralized
relationship to environment Remote professionally
demand centralized
tactics and technology rapid response to service calls, patrols designed to prevent crime
outcome crime control
COMMUNITY ERA
authorization community (political) support, law professionalism
function broad provision of service
organizational design matrices, task forces, decentralized
relationship to environment intimate
demand decentralized
tactics and technology problem solving, foot patrol, etc.
outcome citizen satisfaction and quality of life
Using Kelling and Moore (1988) and Greene s (2000) frameworks describe the key
dimensions of the Homeland Security era.
HOMELAND SECURITY ERA
authorization (politics) internationalnational threats, (intergovernmental) law, professionalism
function anti-terrorismcounter-terrorism, crime control, gathering of intelligence
organizational design decentralized execution following centralized decisions
relationship to environment professional
demand centralized
tactics and technology information systems, police operations centers, assessment of risk
outcome crime control, anti-terrorism, citizen safety
2002CCJ WEEK 3 RECRUITMENT, SELECTION, EDUCATION AND TRAINING
What are the major selection tools used by police departments How and why are they important in selecting police officers
Most police department use selection tools like
written tests for mental competence,
oral interviews,
medical and psychological examinations,
physical fitness,
drug and polygraph testing, and
background investigations.
These selection tools help police departments
find candidates that are physically, emotionally, and psychologically suitable for the job.
weed out lateness, absenteeism, and discipline issues among the recruits.
avoid poor publicity and court litigation caused by having unqualified officers or officers with reckless or irresponsible behaviour.
Describe three personality tests that have been used by police in the selection process and discuss how the characteristics they measure are relevant to selecting the ideal police officer.
Eysenck Personality Questionnaire-Revised (EPQ-R) short test that measures normal and abnormal personality scales. It is designed to measure three factors Neuroticism (N-scale), Extraversion (E-scale), and Psychoticism (P-scale). These factors are important in the selection of police officers because hey help identify those who are orderly, have self-control, sociable, conscientious, responsible, sensitive and empathic.
NEO Personality Inventory (NEO-PI) is a test of normal personality. It was developed to measure the personality using the Five Factor model Neuroticism, Extraversion, Openness to Experience, Agreeableness, and Conscientiousness. These can help identify recruits who are agreeable, assertive, cooperative, conscientious, responsible, has self-control, orderly, flexible, sociable, sensitive, empathic, and has good moral judgment.
Sixteen Personality Factor Questionnaire (16 PF) is designed to measure 15 bi-polar personality factors and one intelligence factor. It helps identify recruits that are agreeable, responsible, conforming, have self-control, cooperative, flexible, sociable, conscientious, assertive, empathic, sensitive, tolerant, has good self-esteem, orderly, have good moral judgment and objectivity.
Should the police selection process include mandatory educational requirements Whywhy not
Higher education should be mandatory when choosing people for the police force. A higher level of education equals higher levels of integrity, service, professionalism, flexibility, sociability, and innovation. They are less authoritarian, more adaptable, and more aware of the cultural and social differences around them.
Choose three (3) of the following six (6) subject areas problem-solving, cultural diversity, sexual harassment, conflict resolution, interpersonal communication, community organization skills. Discuss the importance of and methods used to incorporate such knowledgeskills into contemporary police training curriculum.
Interpersonal communication skills need to be developed so that officers know how to better handle situations with citizens, especially in conflict resolution and situations that require immediate mediation. They need to learn how to listen and talk to people of different cultures.
cultural diversity is important so that police officers can understand differences between different ethnicities, gender and cultural backgrounds.
Problem solving is also another important area where police need to be trained. Doing so can help them with being more objective when conflicts arise. Teaching these problem solving skills involves laying a groundwork of equality and respect which leads to more open mindness both in training and on the job.
2002CCJ WEEK 4 TRADITIONAL POLICING STRATEGIES I (increasing numbers of police, rapid response)
Describe the policing strategy of increasing police numbers. Discuss its effectiveness in reducing crime.
Usually the number of police officers that are seen on the streets equals a reduction in crime in that community. Some studies, such as the Marvel and Moody study, showed that crime was prevented six times more with each police officer put on the streets. Some other studies do not reach that same conclusion.
Describe the policing strategy of rapidly responding to crime incidents. Discuss its effectiveness in reducing crime and the impact of this policing strategy on community satisfaction with police services.
Introducing call-for-service systems like 000 and 911 meant quicker reponse times for police officers. People in the community are happy with the shorter response times because they have a police presence in a short time after placing a call.
2002CCJ WEEK 5 TRADITIONAL POLICING STRATEGIES II (preventive patrols, reactive arrests)
Define random patrols.
Random patrols are designed to prevent crime. There is no set pattern from one patrol to the next and officers can go outside their assigned areas if needed so that they are able to respond to calls better.
Identify and describe the advantages and disadvantages of random patrols. Discuss their effectiveness in reducing crime.
Random patrols make officers more likely to be seen in the community. Their presence is supposed to help prevent crime while boosting order and peace. Crime is not likely to happen because the criminal can easily be caught. Some studies show that random patrols are not effective at reducing crime.
Describe the methodology and results of the Kansas City Experiment.
The purpose of the Kansas City Preventive Patrol Experiment was to study the effects of police presence in three areas.
Group one reactive group with no preventative patrols. Officers go into area only in emergencies.
Group two control group with the normal level of preventative patrols with one patrol car going into the area during each of the five beats.
Group three proactive group with 2-3 times more police officers in area.
Using surveys, police data, and observations, the results of the experiment did not show a measurable decline in crime for any of the groups.
Adding or reducing preventative patrols did not have an effect on the rate of crime, attitudes about the police, response tiem, traffic accidents, or peoples fear of crime.
Define reactive arrests. Discuss their effectiveness in reducing crime.
Reactive arrests are like random or preventive patrols and they can be focused on particular crime-risk factors or unfocused. . They cover a wide area and gives a warning to the community that any crime can result in an arrest. However, more people are arrested for observed or reported crimes than during reactive arrests.
2002CCJ WEEK 6 CONTEMPORARY POLICING STRATEGIES I (policing hotspots of crime)
Define a hotspot.
A hotspot is an area of high crime, usually parks, malls, pubs, intersections, and streets. Crimes in the area are often predictable. Computerised mapping of crime calls is used to pinpoint these locations.
Describe the methodology and results of the Minneapolis hotspots experiment.
The Minneapolis Hot Spots Patrol Experiment mapped crime calls to identify 110 hot spots.
55 hot spots were the control group
55 were the treatment group which had more than double the normal police presence. The treatment group saw a great decline in calls for crime and general disorder in the form of fighting, vandalism, and disorderly behaviour.
Define preventive patrolling. Discuss its effectiveness in reducing crime.
Preventive patrolling,either random and directed patrols, place police officers in places of high crime, or hotspots, so that people are less likely to commit crimes in order to avoid being arrested. More police officers equals less crime in these areas.
Define proactive arrests. Discuss their effectiveness in reducing crime.
Pro-active or police-initiated arrests put more officers in areas that are likely to have more crime in the community. The arrests rates in these areas usually go up.
2002CCJ WEEK 7 CONTEMPORARY POLICING STRATEGIES II (community policing)
Define community policing (using Bayley s (1994) framework).
Community policing is a decentralised approach to decision making that enables the police and local leaders to talk about actions and strategies that would address the unique needs of the community and offer it the most benefits. Flexible solutions to problems within the community become known and the police and the community work together.
Critically evaluate community policing as a policing strategy.
Community policing allows the commnunity to pass on information to the police that they might not otherwise know about. The police also tell the community where the problems areas are so that people can be aware of the situation in order to protect themselves and to let the police know. Because police and citizens have more contact, there are fewer crimes. The cooperation between the community and police mean less crime too.
Describe the major outcomes and implications of the Toowoomba Beat Policing project.
The Toowoomba Beat Policing Project found that Senior Constable had problem solving skills that resulted in greater citizen satisfaction with the police and fewer crimes and thefts. Police also reported greater levels of job satisfaction. When planned properly, and funded, and used with high quality officers, beat policing can be a success with focus and support.
2002CCJ WEEK 8 CONTEMPORARY POLICING STRATEGIES III (problem-oriented policing, partnerships, crime prevention)
Define problem-oriented policing. Describe the major components of the SARA model.
Problem-oriented policing happens when the police specific, and unique, strategies to address a particular problem in the community using the SARA model.
SARA means
S scanning or indentifying problem areas
A analysis or learning everything possible about the problem by studying it
R response or making unique and one of a kind solutions to the problems
A assessment or studying reactions to the solutions to find out if they are a success or a failure.
Critically evaluate the effectiveness of problem-oriented policing.
Problem-oriented policing is a strategy that focuses on hotspots and other high crime areas. Solutions addressing these particular problems are put into place which are usually effective in solving such problems. Preventing crime requires constantly being aware of the problems or potential problems in the community so the addresses the problems in this manner has proven to be effective.
Define third party policing. Describe the essential elements of third party policing strategy.
Third party policing is when the police try to convince, or otherwise coerce, people not committing crimes, to do something that they do not usually do to reduce disorder and the possibility of someone else committing a crime. This usually only works when the police have some sort of legal authority to convince the third party to cooperate.
Define situational crime prevention. Critically evaluate the effectiveness of situational crime prevention.
Situational crime prevention is made of 25 techniques that are used to address patterns of behaviour that are more likely to lead to crimes, such as tax evasion, petty theft and others. Some of these techniques are off street parking for vehicles (concealing the target), improving street lighting (assisting natural surveillance), installing anti robbery screens (hardening the offenders targets), and setting up neighborhood watch programs (extending guardianship). Research has proven this strategy to be effective though other concerns such as infringing on peoples freedom of movement or infringing on a persons right to anonymity.
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